So, pumping near-liquid CO2 deep underground requires very careful consideration of known potential hazards that may arise.
Less well-known - and certainly not advertised - is that every cubic metre of (solid) coal that is burnt produces about six cubic metres of near-liquid CO2. (The actual amount of near-liquid CO2 is based on complete combustion of the coal, its complete capture, and the actual carbon content of the coal ... an 80 per cent carbon coal yields six cubic metres of near-liquid CO2.)
Some may wonder how one volume of coal is, apparently miraculously, transformed into six volumes of near-liquid CO2. Without describing in detail the chemical mathematics (which are quite simple anyway), suffice to say that 1kg of carbon, when completely combusted, produces 3.67kg of CO2, as is well known. Factoring in the conversion of mass to volume for an 80 per cent carbon coal (typical specific gravity 1.35) and for near-liquid CO2 (SG 0.65) results in the around-sixfold volume increase.
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It doesn't take an Einstein to realise the immense logistics and difficulties of dealing with the considerable increase in volume from coal to near-liquid CO2. Unless power generators have a ready nearby sink, such as a depleted oil well, in which to inject the voluminous CO2, it won't take long before multiple injection points have to be created, because the CO2 will readily exhaust the brine-filled pores of a deep, geologically acceptable rock body.
Also,if the geosequestration injection points are well away from the power station, huge costs in infrastructure to transport the large volumes of near-liquid CO2 (pipelines or tankers) will be inevitable.
As an example, the combined annual coal consumption of just two Hunter Valley (NSW) power stations exceeds 10 million tonnes. Assuming an 80 per cent carbon content and complete combustion, this 10 Mt (equivalent to 7.7 million cubic metres of solid coal) would convert to 46 million cubic metres of near-liquid CO2. Transportation and storage underground for this volume would be required year in, year out. After 100 years, at the same rate of coal consumption, the volume of near-liquid CO2 to be “swept under the geological carpet” becomes nearly half a cubic kilometre.
Perhaps this figure doesn’t seem high, but the pores in sandstone occupy typically only about 20 per cent of its volume, so the amount of suitable absorption rock inflates to about 2½ cubic kilometres. Obviously, the storage facility for CO2 cannot be viewed as some huge, fixed underground containment pond or cistern, as is sometimes employed to store LPG.
Australia’s annual consumption of black coal by power stations has been reported as 60 Mt per annum. Over a period of 100 years at this rate of consumption, the near-liquid CO2 needing burial becomes more than 30 cubic kilometres, with the result that absorption beds totalling more than 150 cubic kilometres would become exhausted. Not only that, but the containment of the CO2 would have to be constantly and meticulously monitored for leakage to potable or brackish water supplies, and to the atmosphere.
Considering its high costs and potential hazards, can the implementation of CCS be justified? Its need, according to environmental activists, is to mitigate, or even stop, global warming. However, despite claims to the contrary, the science of global warming is very far from settled. It is hard to see how one molecule of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in 10,000 molecules of the air we breathe - amounting to only 0.01 per cent, or 100 ppm - can influence world temperatures.
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Activists point out that average global temperatures have risen concurrently with atmospheric CO2 levels since industrialisation began, but the correlation is quite weak (approximately 25 per cent), and, in any case, world temperatures have trended downwards over the past decade - in fact temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere are currently at record low levels.
As the evidence stands, it can well be argued that CCS will have insignificant influence on climate, will present both known and unforeseen hazards, and will unnecessarily raise electrical power costs.